Meaning and Usage
The adjective "艰难" (jiān nán) describes situations, periods, or tasks that are difficult, hard, or challenging to endure or accomplish. It often conveys a sense of hardship or struggle beyond mere difficulty.
Common Contexts
"艰难" is frequently used to describe tough life circumstances, challenging exams, or any scenario requiring significant effort and resilience. It can describe both physical and emotional difficulties.
Collocations and Patterns
- "艰难时期" (difficult period): used to talk about hard times in life or history.
- "艰难的决定" (difficult decision): emphasizes the challenge in making a choice.
- "艰难前行" (to move forward with difficulty): describes progressing despite obstacles.
Nuances
Using "艰难" implies more than just difficulty; it suggests endurance and often a struggle against adversity. It is more formal and literary than simply "难". Avoid confusing it with "困难", which is similar but can be more neutral or technical.
Summary
"艰难" is a useful word to express hardship and challenge in various contexts, especially when emphasizing the toughness of a situation or the perseverance required.